environmental justice
Op-ed: “I’m sorry, I can’t hear you” — disabling environments in Cancer Alley and the Ohio River Valley
For communities plagued by energy extraction and petrochemical buildout, struggles of environmental justice often fall on deaf ears.
The low hum of a tour bus engine underpins the constant buzzing of insects. Air conditioning on full blast circulates the bus interior, shielding us from the muggy Louisiana summer.
Sharon Lavigne stands at its center, microphone in hand. She crouches slightly, one hand gripping the headrest of a black leather seat, and peeks out the tinted windows. White petroleum storage tanks stand in stark contrast to the green grass and red bricked homes. A man mows his lawn, his toddler rolling down the sidewalk in a Cozy Coupe.
To read a version of this story in Spanish click here. Haz clic aquí para leer este reportaje en español.
Ms. Lavigne shares tidbits of the health-related ailments of the residents of St. James Parish, a fragmented conglomerate of homes, elongated fields and petrochemical infrastructure. She points to a house, “he died of a rare cancer last year.” She points to another, “her daughter decided to leave after she became gravely ill.”
Whispers fill the cabin, muffled by disposable masks. I struggle not only to hear, but to truly comprehend the myriad ways in which the predominantly African-American community has been disabled, robbed of its full potential by the petrochemical industry.
Hearing, seeing and being in the world has always been different for me. At a young age, it was found that I had Single Sided Deafness (SSD) – or unilateral hearing loss – meaning that I could not hear out of my right ear at all. Living with SSD has brought me a heightened spatial awareness, allowing for a more introspective understanding into the complexities of the environment. My experience has led me to believe that analyzing environmental injustices through a disability lens can help us to better understand communities – how humans and the environment are inextricably linked and how my own feelings of isolation in contexts that ignore my disability mirror how the struggles of environmental justice often fall on deaf ears. Understanding disabilities forces us to look at who is excluded, what barriers perpetuate that exclusion and what assumptions are made about the interactions between people and the places they live in. I believe the same questions can be asked to better capture the lives of environmental justice communities burdened by the oil and gas industry.
While geographically distant, Cancer Alley, where St. James Parish is located, and the Ohio River Valley, where I’ve spent most of my time as a geographer, share common challenges. Both have been utilized as sacrifice zones for energy extraction, and, in many ways, have been disabled. They have also been socially barred by the broader U.S., cast off as rural, backwards and seemingly unoccupied spaces that are not worth “saving.” This reality reminds me of the many ways in which meeting the needs of people with disabilities is considered a "burden" that is not worth attending to as a society.
And yet, both people with disabilities and these two regions have continued to exist, to persevere and to fight back against injustice. Like my hearing disability, just because someone – or an entire community or region – is disabled (or assumed to be), does not mean that they are not able.
A disabling context
Growing up with a physical disability was no small feat. I had trouble locating sounds, constantly felt a dull, ringing sensation and was unable to wear traditional hearing aids. I received ridicule from classmates, poking fun at my inability to hear adequately on my right-side. At times I felt defeated, unable to cope with the mentally debilitating prospect of being labeled “different.” And yet, over time and into adulthood, I have grown to accept and understand my hearing disability, as it has shaped me into the person that I am today.
Living with Single Sided Deafness, I occupy an in-between space. In some contexts, I am considered disabled, while in others I might appear able to the naked eye. This perception of disability – both my own and others’ – shifts over time and in different contexts. The environments we occupy can also be an in-between space where factors outside of our immediate control can shift the way we act and exist in the world. I often think about communities in Cancer Alley as also occupying an in-between space, as they’ve been cast away as a “sacrifice zone” but at the same time they’re creating real progress. People like Ms. Lavigne embody the community’s struggle between the harm inflicted and the progress being made toward justice. In March, her organization Rise St. James, among other environmental advocacy groups, filed an application to ask the Louisiana Supreme Court to grant review and overturn the issuance of Formosa Plastics’ air permits. Further, Rise St. James has urgently called on President Biden to stop Formosa from building their a mega petrochemical facility in St. James Parish, which has gained traction toward the White House.
Living with Single Sided Deafness, I occupy an in-between space.
On that bus ride, I positioned myself close to Ms. Lavigne to fully understand her words. Ms. Lavigne is the leader of Rise St. James, a faith-based community organization that works to stop the proliferation of petrochemical industries in St. James Parish, Louisiana. Adorned in her Rise St. James tee, Ms. Lavigne spoke at-length of the Parish’s history. Starting in the 1980s, fossil fuel, oil-refining and plastic-production operations have proliferated along an 85-mile stretch on the Mississippi River between New Orleans and Baton Rouge, running directly through the Parish. Such facilities emit high levels of harmful air pollutants and other environmental toxics, which have caused a high incidence of rare cancers, respiratory diseases, asthma and other severe health conditions. Today, the area is known as Cancer Alley.
Shell Norco Manufacturing Complex outside of New Orleans, Louisiana.
Credit: Brandon Rothrock
A man mowing the lawn outside his house in St. James Parish, Louisiana.
Credit: Brandon Rothrock
Despite the obvious injustices these communities already face, Louisiana state officials continue to downplay environmental and health concerns raised by Rise St. James. The most recent example is their support for a proposed $9.4 billion petrochemical complex called the Sunshine Project, heralded by Formosa Petrochemical Corporation. The proposed complex would include 14 facilities that will process ethane from fracked natural gas to produce various chemicals used in everyday materials such as single-use plastics and antifreeze. In the “name of progress,” the majority African American community is forced to exist in a disabling environment: a context that makes them incapable of breathing clean air and living long and healthy lives. This situation in Louisiana reflects a broader national issue.
Despite the obvious injustices these communities already face, Louisiana state officials continue to downplay environmental and health concerns raised by Rise St. James.
Fracked natural gas – the kind of gas the Sunshine Project would process– is in itself another example of how this industry disables communities, and there’s no better example than the Ohio River Valley. For centuries, communities in Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia, first through coal and now through natural gas, have been dominated by fossil fuels production. In the last two decades, the region, which sits on top of the largest shale gas formation in the U.S., has become the epicenter of the country’s fracking industry. Injecting chemicals deep underground to fracture shale deposits and release the gas stored within them releases climate warming gasses like methane, and airborne toxics like particulate matter, which are linked to respiratory problems and other health conditions like skin issues and cancer. It also pollutes underground water supplies with cancer-causing chemicals like PFAS, also known as “forever chemicals.”
Fracking continuously fractures communities. The physical landscape is altered forever while people grapple with a shattered sense of community, damaged property and high rates of depression. Here again, we see communities being robbed of their ability and barred from their agency. Such extractive acts can be considered disabling, in the sense that once communities lose their ability to exist and make decisions freely, the industry will be able to extract further. In a similar vein to Rise St. James, Appalachian-based groups such as the Ohio River Valley Institute work directly with community partners to fight back against injustice.Fighting back against injustice
I often find myself struggling in large lecture halls where the acoustics are poor, and the professor’s voice is drowned out. I also miss critical pieces of the lectures due to a lack of closed captions or visual aids, such as lecture slide printouts. Similarly, friends who may be visually impaired frequently encounter poorly designed websites that can make accessing course materials impossible. All of this creates a hostile environment for people with disabilities to thrive – just like communities are faced with a harsh environment that disables them from reaching their full potential.
I fear this disabling context will only become more entrenched in both regions. As fracking continues to balloon across the Appalachian region, so do petrochemical facilities: at least 61 are in construction or in operation across the Ohio River Valley. The outlook for Cancer Alley communities is no better: in 2015, the Environmental Integrity Project documented 44 petrochemical construction and expansion projects proposed or permitted, with a majority cited for Louisiana. On top of this, the U.S. Department of Energy selected the Ohio River Valley and the Gulf Coast as two of the seven proposed Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs, which are a national network of “clean” hydrogen producers. Touted by politicians as an advancement toward energy independence, these regional hydrogen hubs will fill the landscape with pipelines, fueling stations and carbon storage facilities, locking-in the regions to further plastic production and energy infrastructure buildout for decades to come.
I worry that this build out will further entrench disadvantaged communities in a cycle of destruction. Rhetoric such as “sacrifice zone,” “backwards” and other related terms used to describe Appalachia and Cancer Alley are deeply entrenched in the national psyche, further perpetuating assumptions about the people who live there. But having been there, I think reframing communities facing environmental injustices is needed.
My visit to St. James Parish revealed something profound: the beauty, uniqueness and resilience of these communities. On that bus ride with Sharon Lavigne, I saw children playing joyfully against the backdrop of towering industrial complexes. As we stopped and ate lunch at a community center, I saw community members laughing and chatting about their days, organizing for a better future. Ms. Lavigne’s words – and those of the community – resonated deeply as they spoke of their battle against injustice and the determination to fight for what is right. Her dedication and the community’s solidarity in the face of adversity illustrated remarkable strength.
Environmental justice communities deserve a future where their resilience is not tested by pollution but celebrated and supported by just and equitable practices. As future leaders and educators, it is our responsibility to better understand how extractive practices can disable and to work towards fostering environments that enable and uplift.
This essay was produced through the Agents of Change in Environmental Justice fellowship, a partnership between Environmental Health News and Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health. Agents of Change empowers emerging leaders from historically excluded backgrounds in science and academia to reimagine solutions for a just and healthy planet.
“Lo siento, no puedo escucharte”: los entornos incapacitantes del Corredor del Cáncer y el valle del río Ohio
Las reivindicaciones de justicia medioambiental de las comunidades asoladas por la extracción de petróleo y la industria petroquímica suelen caer en oídos sordos.
El suave murmullo del motor de un autobús turístico acompaña el constante zumbido de los insectos.
El aire acondicionado, encendido en su máxima potencia, circula al interior del vehículo, protegiéndonos del verano fangoso de Luisiana. Sharon Lavigne está parada en el centro, micrófono en mano. Se agacha un poco y se agarra del reposacabezas de un asiento de cuero negro, mientras se asoma por las ventanas tintadas. Los tanques blancos de almacenamiento de petróleo contrastan con el césped verde y las casas de ladrillos rojos. Un hombre poda su jardín, su bebé rueda por la acera en uno de esos carritos para niños llamados Cozy Coupe.
Haz clic aquí para leer este reportaje en inglés. To read and watch a version of this story in English click here.
Doña Lavigne comparte fragmentos de las dolencias que padecen los habitantes de la parroquia de St. James, un cúmulo fragmentado de hogares, campos alargados e infraestructura petroquímica. Señala a una casa, “él murió por culpa de un cáncer rarísimo el año pasado”; señala otra, “su hija decidió irse después de enfermar gravemente”.
Los susurros llenan la cabina del bus, amortiguados por máscaras desechables. No sólo me cuesta oír, sino comprender las innumerables formas en que esta comunidad predominantemente afroamericana ha quedado discapacitada, despojada de todo su potencial por la industria petroquímica.
Oír, ver y estar en el mundo siempre ha sido algo diferente para mí. Muy pequeño, los médicos me diagnosticaron con hipoacusia unilateral (SSD por su sigla en inglés), o pérdida auditiva unilateral, lo que significa que no puedo escuchar nada con mi oído derecho. Vivir con una discapacidad auditiva me ha dotado de una mayor conciencia espacial, lo que me permite una comprensión más introspectiva de las complejidades del entorno.
Creo que analizar las injusticias medioambientales a través del lente de la discapacidad puede ayudarnos a comprender mejor a las comunidades que las sufren– a entender cómo los seres humanos somos inseparables de nuestro entorno, y cómo la sensación de aislamiento en contextos que ignoran mi discapacidad reflejan la forma en la que los reclamos de estas comunidades caen en oídos sordos. Entender las discapacidades nos fuerzan a volcar la mirada sobre quienes son excluidos, las barreras que perpetúan esa exclusión y las ideas preconcebidas que tenemos sobre las interacciones entre la gente y los lugares que habitan. Creo que las mismas preguntas pueden hacerse para entender mejor las vidas de las comunidades afectadas por la injusticia medioambiental creada por la industria del gas y el petróleo.
Si bien son distantes geográficamente, el Corredor del Cáncer, donde está ubicada la parroquia de St. James, y el valle del río Ohio, donde he pasado la mayor parte de mi carrera como geógrafo, comparten retos. Ambos han sido vistos como “zonas de sacrificio” para la extracción de petróleo, y, en muchos sentidos, han terminado incapacitados. También han sido marginados socialmente por el conjunto de Estados Unidos, tachados de espacios rurales, atrasados y aparentemente desocupados que no vale la pena “salvar”. Esta realidad me recuerda las formas en las que atender las necesidades de las personas con discapacidades es considerado una “carga” que no vale la pena atender como sociedad.
Y, aun así, tanto las personas con discapacidades como estas dos regiones siguen existiendo, perseverando y luchando en contra de la injusticia. Al igual que sucede con mi deficiencia auditiva, el hecho de que alguien – o toda una comunidad o región – tenga una discapacidad (o se suponga que la tiene) no significa que no tenga capacidades.
LISTEN: Timnit Kefela on treating plastic pollution as an environmental justice issue
“I’m optimistic we can get this right.”
Dr. Timnit Kefela joins the Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast to discuss the the specific ways microplastics harm urban communities and some of her tips for reducing plastic use and exposure.
Kefela, who is starting as an assistant professor in environmental science and resource management with a focus on environmental justice at CSU Channel Islands this fall, also talks about what she sees as a path forward in tackling the plastic waste crisis.
The Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast is a biweekly podcast featuring the stories and big ideas from past and present fellows, as well as others in the field. You can see all of the past episodes here.
Listen below to our discussion with Kefela and subscribe to the podcast at iTunes or Spotify.
Transcript
Brian Bienkowski
I am really excited to be joined by Timnit Kefela. Timnit, how are you doing today?
Timnit Kefela
I'm doing all right. How are you?
Brian Bienkowski
I'm doing wonderful. And where are you today?
Timnit Kefela
I'm calling in from Tempe, Arizona. So 117 degree weather, yeah.
Brian Bienkowski
So I am from the Upper Midwest, and everybody says, but it's a dry heat down there in Arizona, whereas here we get this, we get this very oppressive humidity and mosquitoes and all that. So does the dry heat make a difference?
Timnit Kefela
It does, you feel less suffocated, but it's still really hot. You definitely cannot go for walks during the day. You got to stay inside. But I will say it feels a little bit, a little bit more manageable considering the temperature. But you don't want to be out there long enough to be sunburnt or, you know, have heat stroke, something to that effect.
Brian Bienkowski
So that reminds me of something, and I want to get to some of the questions that I had prepared, but I have to ask you something that I didn't ask you in person. So we have a retreat that we went to. And I am a runner, so I wake up early and I run. And one of my early runs, the only other human I saw outside was you walking around, and I didn't know if you were a fellow morning person, if you like birds, if you needed to clear your head, or if that's just something that you do?
Timnit Kefela
Yeah, I'm not a morning person. Actually, I'm a morning person out of necessity. But I went to school close to where the retreat was happening in Pennsylvania. I went to school in New Jersey, and I really, really loved the nature there, so I was taking the opportunity to just go walk and be amongst the trees and take it easy, take deep breaths and experience the Northeast forest life, which I hadn't experienced in many years. So that's kind of why you saw me out there. Otherwise, no, I am not a morning person. It requires a lot of caffeine in order for me to function in the morning.
Brian Bienkowski
I love that. I'm sorry for putting your business out there that you were walking at our retreat, but I was going to say something you, but you did look very peaceful, I have to say. So I was like, You know what? I'm just going to leave her alone. Leave her, leave her with the trees. Well, Timnit tell me about, of course, you're not from, originally from Arizona, so tell me about your upbringing and your family's journey to the US.
Timnit Kefela
Yeah, I'm from a small country in northeastern Africa, next to the Red Sea, right above Ethiopia, known as Eritrea. But I was born and raised in Nairobi, Kenya, as a lot of Eritreans were because of the Eritrea-Ethiopia war, and Kenya was one of the few stable nations in the region where there was a lot of conflict. So Kenya was this like haven for many of us. So it's a place that gave me and my family safety at that point in time. So I like to say that I'm both from Kenya and Eritrea, because they're a big part of my identity. I then moved to the United States because my family actually ended up winning the green card lottery and ended up settling in the DC, Maryland, northern Virginia area.
Brian Bienkowski
So where along the way did you become aware of the concept of environmental justice, and what did that look like?
Timnit Kefela
I think I inherintly knew what environmental justice was because it was a lived experience of mine where pollution, poor infrastructure and the resulting illnesses from these factors were just what life entailed. That was what normal was for me. However, when I went to college –shout out Camden!– I had the opportunity to learn what this experience was called, and this further emphasized with working on community-based initiatives. I worked in an after school program focused on urban gardening. I got to witness you know, what it meant to be living in environmental injustice, or experiencing environmental injustice, especially when I witnessed my students touch soil for the first time, and how much joy they felt, and how they did not get to experience it sooner because they grew up understanding not to trust their environment, which is an experience I also had. So I would say that my understanding and awareness of environmental justice is a personal one, both from my lived experience as well as bearing witness to what my students were experiencing during my time in Camden, New Jersey.
Brian Bienkowski
So I have a very similar story before I got into environmental journalism, I worked in urban gardening in Lansing, Michigan, and they had converted a lot in an underserved neighborhood into a couple acres of a garden. And the same experience I, you know, I saw where there were children, first of all, it became like this kind of community epicenter, because it was the most beautiful part of the block, right? You had things growing and green space and places to hang out. And many of the kids, of course, weren't, weren't aware of gardening and getting their hands in the dirt, because they lived in a very kind of dense urban block there. So I have a very similar experience, and I still miss urban agriculture. I live very rural now, so I have big agriculture, but I do, I definitely do miss that, because I think there's something really special about watching kids who don't have access to green space fall in love with some of that stuff. So Timnit, what is a moment or event that has helped shape your identity?
Timnit Kefela
So many moments, so many events have shaped my identity, which I feel like is ever-evolving. Um, as you know, life goes on. Honestly, I never thought if we were to talk about like, my identity as an environmental scientist. I never thought be an environmental scientist. I don't think I ever understood what that was as a kid. In fact, if you ask my parents, I floated the idea of being a musician or a poet because I used to like to sing and I used to love to write as career options, especially in my teenage years. You know the feeling years, and my parents looked at me and they were like, maybe just consider being a medical doctor, which is like something that the General Pipe Dreams. Immigrant pipe dreams are, you know, getting from your parents. And so when I went to college, that was what my focus was on, primarily, you know, pre med, but mostly focusing on biology. But then I began taking a lot of gen ed classes focused on the humanities, where I learned a lot about what environmental justice was, and even as I was going through my science courses, I started learning that I could leverage science to ask questions and address issues that impacted my community and that of my students. So essentially using it as a vehicle of agency. I also learned that I really love mentoring and teaching during that time as well, which then led me down this path, which has been long, winding and at times pioneering, and is emboldened by the amazing community I have been blessed with.
Brian Bienkowski
So your research focuses on micro plastics. This is near and dear to my heart, We cover this a lot at EHN, and I think this issue is becoming more familiar to people. But can you just give us a rundown of how you define microplastic and why it seems to be contaminating everything, including us?
Timnit Kefela
Yeah. Microplastics are small pieces of plastic, as implied in the name, that are less than five millimeters in size. So we're talking smaller than the width of a number two pencil eraser. They can be deliberately made that size, which we typically categorize as primary microplastics, and some examples of those are glitter, which add a little dazzle in our lives; microbeads, which are used as abrasives and laundering products; or pre production plastic pellets, which we affectionately call nurdles. But more significant type of microplastics are those that we actually categorize as secondary and this means that they're formed by breaking apart from larger plastic items, either by using them. So think about when you're driving a car. Or riding your bike, small pieces of plastic are falling off of your tires, right? And that's why you eventually need to replace your tires, because the tread goes or it could be that you have a plastic item, like a water bottle that is left out in the environment. It's exposed to sunlight, and it undergoes a chemical process known as oxidation, which makes it really brittle, and all it really takes is some kind of force to cause it to break apart into smaller pieces, which we know as microplastics. And that force could be waves in a water body, or it could even just be trampling on this really brittle piece of plastic. Microplastics have been found everywhere, and that's no exaggeration. I know you cover it quite extensively in EHN, because of how much plastic there is in the world. We've produced more than 8 billion metric tons of plastic, of which 6 billion metric tons have become waste that do not degrade, and they, in turn, end up accumulating in our environment or in landfills. So we have such a large volume of this material in our world, and that's why we see them everywhere, because unfortunately, it is a plastic-filled world, after all.
Brian Bienkowski
and when Timnit says, everywhere – iMicroplastics have been found in the Mariana Trench, in the deepest parts of the ocean and atop Mount Everest. So it really is kind of from the bottom to the top. It's really scary stuff. So what are the human health concerns? I think we think of, you know, maybe a duck ingesting plastics, and there's the physical obstruction. But I know that the concerns go beyond that. So what are the human health concerns with all this plastic around?
Timnit Kefela
Yeah, so human health concerns regarding plastic are present. I think it's really important to note that they're present throughout the life cycle of a plastic. So be it chemical exposure, whereby additives, which are chemicals that give plastics their desired properties, like they make them more flexible, or if we want our plastic to be a particular color or more resistant to sun exposure, these chemicals can leach into our food and our environment. Some of these additives, like phthalates, are known to disrupt the function of our endocrine systems, whereby the chemicals end up mimicking or blocking or interfering where our body's hormones tend to to need to go to work, right? and are incredibly crucial to regulate our bodily functions and processes. And disruption of this system can lead to numerous human health issues, ranging from metabolic disorders to fertility issues. And some of these additives, too, are known carcinogens, specifically phalates, for example, meaning that they can increase the risk of developing cancer with prolonged exposure. So looking at that and the production and use phase as well as these chemicals can potentially migrate or leach out of these plastics, and could potentially trigger such effects in our health. Additionally, I think it's important to note that the production of plastics from petroleum refining to, you know, ethane cracking in the natural gas industry, which is where, like a lot of the raw materials for plastics come from to the consumer-ready stage, contributes to a significant amount of air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, as well as other types of volatiles that are released into the atmosphere. And as a result, communities that are co-located with these facilities and those who work in these plants are likely to develop respiratory-related illnesses and cancers. I think about Ohio River Valley, as well as Cancer Alley in Louisiana, when thinking about looking at the impacts of the production of plastics. I think it's important to note, however, when they do become microplastics, that they're both essentially physical and chemical pollutants. So the additives, which are those chemicals that you add to plastics, can account for up to 15% of the total polymers weight, and they can leach out and yield harm in our bodies. It's also important to note that it could be, you know, when they're putting these chemicals in to create these desirable properties for these plastics, they might seem pretty stable, however, when they're out there in the outdoor environment, they could potentially transform and then cause harm as well. Another source of human health impacts is also thinking about the inhalation of microplastics, which are essentially particulate matter. I know we talk a lot about particulate matter when we're thinking about air quality, microplastics are part of that, and they have been linked to respiratory-related illnesses in occupational health settings. Presence of microplastics in arteries show higher incidences of heart attack and strokes. A lot of the work on human health impacts, however, is definitely not fleshed out. I think that a multitude of studies are being developed, especially since now that we have confirmed that they are, in fact, in our bodies. And it's really cool that we get to see medical organizations like the American Lung Association making statements about how it's really important to pay attention to this as being a cause of some serious human health concern. I think that also something that should be taken into consideration as we're ramping up this understanding on human health and microplastics, is understanding that they most likely are going to disproportionately impact people that are co-located with these facilities, as well as like the presence of where these landfills are, as well as the as being in urban areas who are already facing quite a lot of health issues as a result of poor environmental conditions and their air quality, soil quality, quality and water quality. And so it's really important to also take into consideration what the compounded impacts are as we begin to understand more and more about microplastics and human health.
Brian Bienkowski
Yeah, let's unpack that a bit, because I think similar to climate change in the initially it was polar bears. Right? With plastics, a lot of it has been focused on oceans and marine life. And obviously this is really important to understand and tackle these issues as well. But your interest in research lies in the cities and the people that live there. So what are, what are some of the microplastic concerns specific to urban environments?
Timnit Kefela
Yeah, so they're equally important matrices to study. I just wanted to put that out there. I think much of the focus was on oceans and marine life, in part, because historically, that's where we saw plastics impact animals first. So I think the first recorded information –and recorded meaning, formally recorded in a journal– was in the 1960s where a rubber band was found inside of a puffin, right? So I think that we we relate to that specifically being why we hyper focused on looking on marine looking at marine life and oceans, as well as seeing this accumulation of plastics as a result of the dilution is the solution to pollution era whereby people would just throw stuff in the ocean because they're like, the ocean is vast. However, when you have materials that don't degrade, they just eventually just end up accumulating, right? But I do think that plastics being such a big part of our built environments also contributes to this expectation that there will be pollution or waste there, which is true, but it is important to note that more than half of the global population is expected to live in cities by 2050 and that just because we expect built environments to be polluted does not mean that we cannot strive for healthy urban environments. So in urban settings, microplastics can become airborne, largely because of vehicle emissions. It could be industrial activities that are present within those environments, as well as the wear-and-tear of plastic materials. In addition to that, these microplastics can then end up depositing on impervious surfaces, because if you think about it, in cities, we have a lot of pavement, we have a lot of roads, so the plastics just deposit on those surfaces, which can then be carried away through stormwater runoff into receiving water systems, and as a result, can end up polluting water resources that different people who live within those areas are dependent on for their livelihood. They could also enter our soil systems that support the green spaces, that help with temperature control in our cities, and these green spaces counter what is known as the urban heat island effect –whereby buildings, roads, and just generally, other structures typically absorb and re-emit the sun's heat more than green spaces do, so that's why we love trees, and that's why we like having shrubs in cities, because they can help modulate that temperature. So the presence of these microplastics and large concentrations of microplastics entering these soils and their impacts remain unknown. And I think it's really important to pay attention to how the to understand how microplastics may potentially be disrupting, like crucial relationships, mutualistic relationships. Is their presence disrupting the ability for the microbes to support these plant systems? or other fauna to support these plant systems, that results in these green spaces, you know, therefore not being that viable for a very long time and not truly resilient, as we have more loadings of microplastics entering there? Additionally, and I think that is incredibly necessary for us to study, especially as we are thinking about what it takes to build a resilient and healthy urban environment. Rivers and Lakes and canals in urban areas typically have, like, really high loads of microplastics due to that stormwater runoff that I've mentioned, as well as wastewater effluent or any kind of sewer discharges where there isn't necessarily, like any type of filtration mechanism, say filtration mechanism. So you know, when you see those signs that say, all drains go to the ocean, right? So, like that could be another way that they end up there. Additionally, I think it's important to also pay attention to how lower income areas within cities often will face higher levels of microplastic pollution, largely due to less effective waste management systems, greater reliance on plastic products as a result of not trusting their physical infrastructure to develop public goods –like water– that is healthy for them to trust, as well as having closer proximity to industrial activities. So like co-located with the production plants as well as the chemical plants, as well as where the waste management sites are. So I foresee this being something that we need to really pay attention to, because it will likely exasperate health disparities among different socioeconomic groups within a city, and further than make this it is very much an environmental justice issue, but it will widen the gap and really highlight how it is going to be a bigger environmental justice issue. If that makes sense.
Brian Bienkowski
It does make sense, and thanks so much for breaking it down, especially this idea of a life cycle. I think one region of the country that a lot of people would understand this is when we look at Cancer Alley, the Gulf Coast. So not only are these dense areas where a lot of the problems that you're speaking to that there are just more microplastics in these denser areas from tires and people's use that are getting into water and air, but also they are on the front end of the plastic when they're pulling the oil out of the ground, and they're refining the oil at petrochemical industries, and they're inhaling that. So it really is a kind of from start to finish, making these products is really impacting people's health. So let's get into some specifics. I know there's different kinds of microplastics and probably different kinds of people affected. So microfibers, for example, I'm a runner and a cyclist, so I'm guessing some of my clothes are throwing these into the environment, some of those weird spandex things I wear. But for example, these are small, plastic-based particles that shed from our clothes, these microfibers. So what kind of people might experience harm from these particles, specifically?
Timnit Kefela
Definitely, I think all of us, frankly, all of us, can be impacted by this, especially within our indoor environments. It's not only our clothing that are sources of microfibers, but also durable goods. So thinking about our carpets, thinking about our sofa sets and all of that like that in itself, too, are big contributors for microfibers. But I think a particularly vulnerable population are garment workers. So a big fear, or really just work as textile workers in general. A big fear about microplastics and human health is that we ingest them through our food, but inhalation is likely a larger pathway of entry into our bodies, and so inhalation of these microfibers by textile workers have been long documented, since the late 80s through occupational health research, and they're essentially particulate matter, and studies have shown that plastic particles that have been found in lungs are closely correlated with cancers, chronic lung diseases and reduced lung capacity and inflammation. And what's really cool about noting this is like, we kind of have an idea of like, the impacts that microfibers have on human health, especially in places with really high concentrations, and there have been interventions that have been studied from an occupational stance. So for example, using protective equipment like masks, or having engineering controls of sorts, where a lot of this construction of textiles are happening, like proper ventilation, those could potentially mitigate this harm. But workers often have to purchase the protective equipment themselves rather than have them provided to them, which can then be really difficult or cost prohibitive for them to actually have the ability to protect themselves from the impacts of this. I think something to also take into consideration is that a lot of textile factories are not necessarily the coolest places. They can be incredibly hot, so wearing a mask and other protective equipment can also be incredibly stifling. Some folks feel like the protective equipment slows them down, which impacts the required quota that dictates how they're paid, which invites us to really consider why the bottom line is always defined by money over health as well. And then in terms of like engineering control so like having proper ventilation within these garment rooms and textile factories that is primarily provided by the employers, of which not all employers will most likely invest in. So it's really important to note that they are very much a vulnerable population when we think about the impacts of microfibers on human health.
Brian Bienkowski
And I want to hammer a point home that I think you that you already made is when you're talking about this, as in carpets and furniture and clothing. So it's pretty ubiquitous, but at the same time, if people have means to replace the old couch with one that isn't shedding as much, or one that's used with natural materials, or they can get rid of their plastic water bottle because they can afford to get a fancy glass one, or whatever, this does become kind of an income class environmental justice issue where people are just unable to keep up with new products that maybe are not as contaminating in their homes.
Timnit Kefela
Absolutely.
Brian Bienkowski
So can you talk a little bit about your project in East Palo Alto, California that focused on community-based microplastic monitoring?
Timnit Kefela
Yeah, absolutely. I have this really awesome opportunity to support and collaborate and co-lead a project in East Palo Alto, California with a phenomenal community-based organization called Nuestra Casa, colleagues of mine at California State University Channel Islands and the San Francisco Estuary Partnership, where community members are concerned about microplastics in one of the few green spaces that they have access to in the bay lands. So the purpose of this project is really just us helping train and support community members on the sampling and data collection of soil and water samples to monitor for these microplastics, which they can use in support of their own advocacy and education efforts, which I think is really great, and also really hones in on recognizing that community members are experts in their own right, and therefore should be the ones also having autonomy over projects like this, if they so, seek to do so. What's really cool about this project as well is that we get to investigate how the installation of a horizontal levee may limit microplastic movement from wastewater effluent that's being discharged in the bay as well. So it's like a double whammy. We get to come up with this really cool community-based microplastics monitoring program and support people in their education and advocacy efforts, but we also get to see if this nature-based solution that's being installed in the bay lands could also be potentially helpful for limiting the concentrations entering the bay.
Brian Bienkowski
Obviously this is a big theme on our podcast. Is kind of community engagement, community empowerment. But I have to say, every time I hear an example, it makes me excited. I love this idea of saying, here is the data. You are already the expert. Now you have a little bit more in your toolbox. So when they go to the community meeting or they are advocating for their communities, they know way more than these people that are making, the decision makers, and maybe it doesn't always work out, but hopefully that teeter totter is starting to balance the other way, where some of these communities are being heard, because now they are armed with even more expertise from folks like yourself. I really like that. So when it comes to plastic, I think every day we see a new think piece and op-ed promoting solutions, alternative, reduced use. We've we've reported a lot on chemical recycling and how problematic that that can be. So can you talk about why these are often inaccessible for the people most impacted a lot of these solutions, and have you seen any initiatives or solutions that are equitable and include tackling plastic pollution in a just way?
Timnit Kefela
Absolutely, I think... so, when reflecting on this, I think we often sit and consider how we can make a difference. When we're thinking about how we can make a difference about an issue, we often operate from our own living lens. So for example, if you have the opportunity to use a reusable water bottle because you trust the water that comes out of your tap, then that's inherently a privilege, right? Not everyone can do that. I certainly could not do that growing up, and so folks have to be reliant on bottled water to have access to clean drinking water. I think it is incredibly important to note that as we advocate for bans, we also advocate for better infrastructure that can ensure everyone can divest from using single use plastic. Presently, a lot of the reusable alternatives are suitable for folks who can afford them and trust the delivery of public goods like water, right? I also think about the disabled community when it comes to calls for these blanket bans when having access to, say, pre made foods, or having to engage in online shopping and deliveries or needing plastic straw. Allows for them to drink liquids or some kind of liquid nutrition, and how those are really crucial for their daily lives, and how a lot of the solutions that are being proposed are purchasable solutions, right? And something to take into consideration with that is that the cost of living of our disabled communities are typically often higher than non-disabled communities, and so they may not necessarily have access to reuse alternatives, alternatives all that much. So I think it's really important to consider that we can ask for production caps for non essential plastics, but also center the needs of disabled people to have a fraction of plastic available without stigma, until substitutions are designed with their needs in mind. A lot of these reusable substitutions are not designed with their needs in mind, right? So I think there also needs to be a push for the development of material substitutions that have them prioritized. I have seen solutions proposed that work for certain facets of people, but not necessarily everyone. It requires a lot of consideration of infrastructural equity, regulation and accountability, of plastic production and waste management, and most importantly, using the voices of those most impacted as a guiding design for principles for solutions. So I can't necessarily say that I have borne witness to just initiatives, really per se, or equitable initiatives. However, I do think that with continuous conversations that I've seen across different sectors and different stakeholders that we are getting closer to that. But I think it's really important that we center the right voices in these conversations in order to truly do that, yeah.
Brian Bienkowski
And I think what happens a lot of times in plastic conversations is some of those voices carry so much more weight because they are the same people. They are the same voices in the climate conversation that are pushing for increased drilling and and natural gas extraction and stuff. So you know, your point about thinking, thinking about the disabled community was your example, but just in general, I think that's such a good lesson in all of these issues is just to it's such a basic kindergarten lesson. But put yourself in someone else's shoes and think about how this is impacting other folks before we just jump into our camps and we need a ban. We need, you know, I think, just think that is such a such a valuable lesson, and I really appreciate that. So there is a global plastic treaty that's been in the works for years now, which would be the first international effort to tackle plastic pollution, and there's been some disagreement over things like chemical recycling and bans, and it's kind of the usual actors of very fossil-fuel dependent countries, and then a lot of the countries who are most impacted want more of kind of a ban approach. And the US has been kind of in the middle and not really making a statement one way or the other. But I was just wondering if you follow the treaty, and do you have thoughts on its trajectory thus far?
Timnit Kefela
I have a lot of feelings about the global plastic treaty. I'm thankful that what I hope can be a legal binding instrument is being developed, but I'm not particularly fond of how the science, independent science, particularly as well as the communities impacted by plastic pollution are not being centered and supported by certain regional parties that are fossil-fuel dependent economies who typically carry a lot of power in these negotiations, in part, also because of heavy industry influence, also influencing their perspective and stance. We need a plastic production cap, inclusive of the additives used in them. We produce way more than we need, and reduction in production is crucial to limit its impact on human and environmental health. We need transparency about the plastics produced, the fate of the products developed as substitutes should be considered, as well as the implementation of waste management strategies that are still environmentally detrimental and just displacing the problem, should be rejected, like incineration, for example. Similarly, like many others, I strongly believe that the treaty should also advocate for safer and more sustainable livelihoods for the workers that are involved in the plastic supply chain. I also firmly believe that, and I will hone on this again, that community voices and science should be integral –like it should be the soul– of how this global plastic treaty shapes up. Advanced chemical recycling may sound attractive in concept, but it's not successfully scalable right now, and we need to act now. In addition requiring such infrastructure and keeping it business as usual, will foster inequity, because infrastructure is power and more affluent nations will have access to these technologies, whilst the rest of the world will not, which is wildly unfair, because several nations bear the burden of Western nations plastic waste and do not have the infrastructure or management strategies in order to deal with it. So definitely, I think technologies like that should not be what we see as the solution to this issue, because we cannot wait. It's something that we need to act on right now, and we need to recognize how inequity plays a role in who will have access to a healthy environment and who will not.
Brian Bienkowski
The parallels between this crisis and the climate crisis to me, and I know there we mentioned how they're already intertwined, but there's just so many parallels with chemical recycling is kind of like the carbon capture on the climate side, where it's like, what will allow us to keep doing the thing but make it seem like we're we're avoiding the worst of the outputs, the waste at the end of the life cycle, and it's, again, it is the same voices. So make your own conclusions as to those voices and what their what their goals are. So Timnit, thank you so much for all of this has been such a fun call. I have to ask you, when you research this, I think people probably turn to you. Well, I'm going to turn to you right now. How do you handle your own plastic use and try to avoid microplastics? And what would you recommend to somebody who wants to do the right thing?
Timnit Kefela
Yeah, so I am privileged enough to try and limit my plastic use as much as possible. Am I plastic free? No, it's not entirely accessible for me. I think some suggestions are like, avoid pre-made or pre-processed foods, right? I can't necessarily do that sometimes, because I live with chronic migraines, and so when I'm in a lot of pain and I need to eat, I cannot cook, right? So being reliant on that is really necessary for my livelihood in those moments, I do try to limit how much plastic I consume, and often repurpose and reuse materials in my life, so many a pasta sauce jar are now spice jars or, you know, vessels for my plant clippings, or their makeshift, you know, iced-coffee cups and stuff. So I tend to like reuse a lot of non plastic materials that I end up having in my home. Any plastic bags that I do receive get multiple uses prior to disposal, so they will be trash bags many a time until they're ready not to be trash bags, right? I carry a collapsible bag and decline plastic bags at the store. I try to use reusables as much as possible, but I think it's really important to note, as I've mentioned, that I can trust the water that comes from my tap. So I can use a reusable water bottle. I bring reusable mugs with me as well as cutlery my backpack. So if I ever have to go to a coffee shop, that's where I get my coffee. To avoid having, like, plastic cups, I try to use glass lunch containers, which I find in the thrift store. Thrift stores are really good to find, like, a lot of non-plastic items at a fraction of the cost of what you would buy if you went to an actual department store. I run an air purifier in my home to limit atmospheric microplastics. I A lot of the stuff is just reuse. That's like, really, how I try to avoid I only consume when I absolutely need to. If there's something that I can't get past that I already don't have, that's when I'm probably going to purchase something. I grew up in a household where things were used until they could not be anymore. So I have gone into the freezer multiple times thinking I was going to find ice cream, but I found stew. So growing up in such a household where you know that happens quite a bit, as well as like, your clothing then eventually becomes rags, because everything needs to have a use has really, like influenced the practices I keep in my life still. And I would love to give a special shout out to my mother, who really practices sustainability in this beautiful way, and has taught me to do so as well. And so I think the my suggestion for people is do what you can do what is accessible to you, and that could be a really good way and a really even though it may feel small, it's still a fairly significant way, and I hope helps you have agency over understanding that you're limiting the amount of microplastics in your life.
Brian Bienkowski
Thank you so much for that, and I think it's a lot of again, something like carrying cutlery in your bag is just a small step. It's just but it's just reframing our mind a little bit about how we're interacting with the world. And I should have, on the front end of that question, said that, at least – this is my opinion – that you know too much is put upon the individual in this conversation, and that as we've discussed, and as you've so eloquently articulated, this is a problem on a global scale, with major industries at the heart of it who are trying to keep this crisis alive. So I did want to give people kind of what you can do in your own life, but I do want to acknowledge the fact that we should not be blaming ourselves. A lot of this is a lot of us just don't have a choice in the matter to live plastic free. So before we get to some fun question, what are you optimistic about?
Timnit Kefela
I'm optimistic that we can get this right. I think in the midst of all of this despair around plastic pollution, there needs to be hope that we have this opportunity to get it right, be it through a plastics treaty, governmental and industry commitment for the accountability for plastic production and waste and their associated chemicals, community voices being valued as expertise in coming up with initiatives and solutions, universally-designed substitutions that do not cause environmental and health detriment and challenges the paradigm that we are inherently wasteful human beings, right? I think, I think I'm also optimistic that we, a lot of actors, will essentially engage and take a lot of humility when it comes to this, because it's really important to recognize that this is our shared planet. A lot of us are already feeling the impact, and who's to say that those who don't won't feel it eventually. I often think about a lot of Black feminists and what they say being that we cannot heal in isolation, and that it requires us taking timely action and willing parties to acknowledge the bottom line that this isn't really about money. This is really about all of us and ensuring that we have a livable planet. So I truly, truly hope that, and I'm optimistic that we can get this right. It just really takes a lot of humility on a lot of our parts and learning to dissenter a lot of the loudest voices in the room in order to truly have a resilient planet, a resilient planet that isn't necessarily dependent on plastic or vulnerable to the impacts and detriment of plastic.
Brian Bienkowski
Well, thank you so much for that. I think that's a really nice way to end a serious part of this conversation. I really like ending on a high note, because I'll tell you what, the plastic stuff can really, really seem overwhelming. So thank you for a little dose of optimism at the end there. So these last these next three questions, you can answer just one word or a phrase, just a way for people to get to know you a little bit. What was your best summer job growing up:
Timnit Kefela
camp counselor
Brian Bienkowski
What is something you've always wanted to try but you haven't
Timnit Kefela
write a children's book.
Brian Bienkowski
You need to do that. What was your first concert
Timnit Kefela
Fall Out Boy.
Brian Bienkowski
All right, all right. I think my little sister, think my little sister, you might be the same age as her, she, I think that might have been one of her first shows, too. That is very cool. And what was the what was the last book you read for fun? You don't have to just confine yourself to a word or a phrase here.
Timnit Kefela
um, I two books, I will say, because I tend to always read concurrently with things. So I'd say the last two books that I read were, it's a memoir by Farah Naz Rishi, called "Sorry for the inconvenience." And I'm a really big fan of poetry. So I recently was also reading a collection by Lucille Clifton, a phenomenal Black poet, love love her so much, called "How to carry water." So those are the two that I've been reading. I last read for fun. Excellent.
Brian Bienkowski
I don't know if we've had poetry mentioned in the last book. I'd have to, I'd need to do a compilation of these at some point, because so many people have mentioned so many really cool books. But that might have been our first poetry mentioned. So thank you so much for that. And Timnit, thank you for just being in this program, and your work is so near and dear to me and our work over here. So I'm just really excited to have you, and I hope we have you on again soon.
Timnit Kefela
Thank you so much. Thanks for having me.
Trump eyes former allies for possible EPA leadership role
Donald Trump may tap a former EPA chief or top advisor to lead the agency if he wins a second term, aiming to dismantle Biden-era regulations.
In short:
- Andrew Wheeler, Trump’s last EPA head, is a leading contender if Trump wins, with support from key former officials.
- Mandy Gunasekara, another former EPA official, has declined interest despite being a strong candidate.
- Trump may also consider other loyalists like Aurelia Skipwith Giacometto or Doug Benevento.
Key quote:
“They need to be able to set an agenda and go immediately.”
— Former Trump EPA official
Why this matters:
Trump’s EPA leader would face the challenge of rapidly rolling back environmental regulations and reshaping the agency. The appointment could significantly weaken U.S. environmental policy and hinder efforts to combat climate change.
Related EHN coverage:
LISTEN: Brandon Rothrock on the environment and queer identities
"It's important to make queer and LGBTQ+ people central to research and policies and not add them in as an afterthought."
Brandon Rothrock joins the Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast to discuss the intersection of the environment and LGBTQ+ identities, and emerging climate and health issues in Appalachia.
Rothrock, a current fellow and a first-year geography Ph.D. student and EmPOWERment NSF Research Trainee at The Ohio State University, also talks about how geography informs who we are.
The Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast is a biweekly podcast featuring the stories and big ideas from past and present fellows, as well as others in the field. You can see all of the past episodes here.
Listen below to our discussion with Rothrock and subscribe to the podcast at iTunes or Spotify.
Kamala Harris distinguishes her environmental approach from Biden, facing GOP criticism
Vice President Kamala Harris, long an advocate for communities disproportionately affected by pollution, positions herself distinctively in the environmental realm, often clashing with Republicans who criticize her stance on equity in environmental policy.
Thomas Frank, Zack Colman, Annie Snider, and Alex Guillén report for POLITICO.
In short:
- Vice President Kamala Harris has focused on environmental justice for over a decade, aiming to mobilize Democrats and independents ahead of the 2024 election.
- GOP figures have criticized Harris' emphasis on equity, particularly after her remarks on resource distribution following Hurricane Ian.
- Harris' environmental policies and advocacy reflect her alignment with grassroots movements led predominantly by women of color.
Key quote:
“She was born a target for Republicans. Everything that she embodies is the antithesis of what the Rick Scotts of the world would like to see.”
— Chauncia Willis, executive director, Institute for Diversity and Inclusion in Emergency Management
Why this matters:
Harris' environmental policies could influence the 2024 election, especially among voters concerned with environmental justice. Her focus on equity highlights broader debates over how resources should be allocated to address climate impacts on marginalized communities.
Appalachian groups express frustration over first $30 million in federal hydrogen hub funding
“This award represents a continued commitment to invest in a natural gas industry that has added to the pollution and health burdens in the region.”
PITTSBURGH — On July 31, the federal government announced $30 million of funding for the Appalachian Regional Clean Hydrogen Hub, or ARCH2, which plans to create hydrogen from natural gas and other sources.
ARCH2 is one of seven planned, federally funded hydrogen hubs across the country, and one of two (along with the Gulf Coast hub) that will rely primarily on fossil fuel sources rather than renewables to create hydrogen.
The $30 million award represents the first round of funding for ARCH2, with a total of $925 million available for this project over the next seven to twelve years. In total, the seven planned hydrogen hub projects are slated to receive $7 billion in federal funding.
The $30 million will be used to “solidify planning, development, and design activities around site selection, technology deployment, community benefits and engagement, labor partnerships, and workforce training,” according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).
The announcement comes just weeks after Pennsylvania governor Josh Shapiro signed into law a controversial bill allowing carbon capture and storage in the state, which will be required for the development of the hydrogen hub.
The award announcement frustrated local environmental and community advocates, who say the DOE has not been transparent about the details of the project, its climate and economic benefits, or its potential to add pollution and cause health harms in environmental justice communities that are already overburdened with existing pollution sources.
“This award represents a continued commitment to invest in a natural gas industry that has added to the pollution and health burdens in the region while failing to deliver any measurable growth in jobs, income and population,” Sean O’Leary, senior researcher with the Ohio River Valley Institute, a progressive think tank, said in a statement.
Earlier this year, the Ohio River Valley Institute delivered a letter to the DOE on behalf of 54 Appalachian organizations and community groups calling for the suspension of ARCH2. The letter called on the DOE to release additional information about the projects and offer impacted communities more meaningful opportunities for engagement prior to awarding additional funds — neither of which has happened, according to the organizations that signed the letter.
“Affected communities know little about the proposed projects and their impacts,” the No False Solutions PA Coalition said in a separate statement about the award. “Nevertheless, millions of dollars are being awarded to projects that will surely impact our health and environment BEFORE affected communities have had a chance to weigh in.”
Critics of the ARCH2 project say that carbon capture and storage technology hasn’t yet proven effective as a climate solution and it remains unclear whether hydrogen energy will abate or worsen climate change.
“There’s been a lot of talk about how hydrogen will be a cleaner energy source, but that overlooks the entire picture which includes reliance on the natural gas industry, which we know pollutes and harms communities and drives climate change with methane leaks,” Talor Musil, a field manager with the Environmental Health Project, a public health nonprofit, told EHN.